The American Jobs Creation Act of 2004 (the "Act") which took effect October 22, 2004, included a "new" Internal Revenue Code section 181. The expressed purpose of the Congress was to provide an incentive to certain film makers and television producers not to move their production activities outside of the United States by providing new income tax incentives for investors in independent film and television projects.

Prior to passage of the Act, applicable law required all film makers and television producers to capitalize all production costs in accordance with Code Section 263A. Section 181, as amended by the Emergency Economic Stabilization Act of 2008, provides that with respect to film and television productions which started production after December 31, 2007, film makers and television producers have the option to either capitalize the production costs or to expense any and all "qualified film or television production," up to a maximum, regardless of the size of the budget, of $15,000,000 ($20,000,000 if significantly incurred in a low-income community or distressed county or isolated area of distress), regardless if the actual costs exceed such amount. There is no minimum. On December 17, 2010, Congress approved, and the President subsequently signed into law, the Tax Relief, Unemployment Insurance Reauthorization, and Jobs Creation Act 2010 ("2010 Act"). The 2010 Act will, under the existing rules and regulations for Section 181, extend Section 181 for two (2)years. It will relate back to all qualified film or television projects which began in 2010 and it will cover all qualified film or television projects until the end of 2011.

An election must be made by the due date (including extensions) for filing the taxpayer's federal tax return for the taxable year in which the production costs are first incurred. If the election is properly made, then no depreciation or amortization deduction may be taken. In order to be a "qualified film or television production," 75% of the total compensation of the production must be "qualified compensation," which is compensation for services performed in the U.S. by actors, directors, producers and other relevant production personnel. It does not include participations and residuals. Each episode of a television series up to 44 episodes can be treated as a separate qualified television production which can expense up to $15,000,000 or, if applicable $20,000,000, per episode. Unless further extended, Section 181 sunsets (expires) on January 1, 2012.

Prior to February 9, 2007, there were no rules or regulations published by the IRS. On February 9, 2007, the IRS published temporary rules and regulations interpreting Code Section 181.

The temporary regulations provide that the following are included in production costs: "participations and residual, compensation paid for services, compensation paid for property rights, non-compensation costs, and costs paid or incurred in connection with obtaining financing. The costs paid in any taxable year become 100% deductible to the investor taxpayer." Production costs do not include distribution or exploitation costs, or costs to prepare a new release or new broadcast of an existing film after the initial release.

The temporary regulations also provide guidance with respect to qualified film and television productions produced in a low income community or a distressed county or isolated area of distress. "Significantly incurred" means either (a) at least 20% of the total production costs incurred in the first-unit principal photography for the production incurred in connection with the first-unit principal photography that takes place in such areas or (b) at least 50% of the total number of days of the first-unit principal photography takes place in such areas.

It is important that any production company accountant who wishes to use Section 181 make the proper election and refrain from capitalizing any production expenses.

Confusion and Clarification. After the passage of the Act, many industry professionals and their legal and accounting advisors found the new Section 181 lacking in detail. This led to uncertainty and confusion. Rumors started to circulate. Many of the industry unions had issues and concern. Most involved in the entertainment industry wondered how to treat the loss. Was it an ordinary loss written off against any income or was it a passive loss to be written off primarily against passive income? Many of the issues were a direct result of the failure of the United States Congress to address many issues in greater detail in Section 181. Many of the questions have been answered by the technical correction to Section 181 and the temporary rules and regulations issued by the IRS on February 9, 2007.

The Amendments. In December 2005, Section 1245 was amended by a technical correction which made it clear the Section 181 deductions are subject to recapture under Section 1245 when the owner of a production sells it. This makes any recapture amounts on a sale ordinary income and not a capital gain.

In May 2006, the IRS released Notice 2006-7 specifying how taxpayers can elect to deduct production expenses of a qualifying production. After November 15, 2006, taxpayers may make the election by filing a Form 3115, application for Change in Accounting Method, for the taxpayer's first or second taxable year ending on or after December 31, 2005, in accordance with any IRS requirements. If a taxpayer made a Section 181 election on a federal tax return that was filed before June 15, 2006, but did not include all the information required in Notice 2006-47, that taxpayer must attach a statement containing the specified information to the taxpayers next-filed federal income tax return.

On February 9, 2007, under the IRS temporary rules and regulations, the IRS answered many of the outstanding questions and concerns. It stated that Section 181 deductions may be taken only by the owner of a production, including pass through entities, that received investments from investors. The investors, who had no active participation in the production or were not a part of the production company, could only take their loss under Section 181 as a passive loss and not against ordinary income.

The IRS temporary rules and regulations also stated, for the first time, that all contingent compensation, (residual or otherwise), when paid became part of the production budget.

In addition to the tax reduction incentives under Section 181, the income received also has some tax reduction opportunities under Code Section 199 which was also added by the Act. Under the manufacturing sections of the Act, film production businesses are considered "manufacturing businesses." From 2007 until 2010, manufacturing businesses can deduct from their qualified production activities income an amount equal to 6% of such income and from 2010 and beyond they can deduct 9%. This deduction may also apply to television productions. For example, if $100 is received from 2007 up to 2010, then the taxable income is $94. If $100 is received after 2010, then the taxable income would be $91. Section 199 provides income tax benefits to a taxpayer which are separate from those provided under Section 181. A film could qualify under both sections. However, even if a film does not qualify for income tax benefits under Section 181, the film may be a "qualified film production" pursuant to Section 199 if (a) direct labor and overhead costs incurred within the United States account for 20% or more of the total costs of the film, and (b) 50% or more of the total cost of the film is spent on services performed in the United States. In addition, expenses incurred in Puerto Rico are allowed to take advantage of Section 199.

The Good News. Additional good news for independent filmmakers is that the benefits of the Act can be combined with any state film or television incentive programs. Currently, 38 states have incentive programs available to film and/or television production projects. Producers, their attorneys and their tax advisers should evaluate projects to determine which state has the best incentives for them to add to those contained in the Act.

Despite some of the confusion surrounding the Act, it is a highly beneficial law for independent producers in film and television and can help put a serious dent into runaway productions.